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Crocodiles are large reptiles that come from the crocodylia family. They are known for some being semi-aquatic and mostly found in several freshwater habitats (rivers, lakes, marshes, and estuaries). They vary in size, with some crocodiles reaching their size over 6 meters or more. The majority of the crocodile species face threats like habitat loss, hunting for their skins, and conflict between humans and crocodiles. Mainly, three types of crocodiles are found in India. Saltwater crocodile, mugger crocodile, and gharial, and they are least concerned, vulnerable, and critically endangered, respectively, on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection, captive breeding programs and generating awareness.
The Wild Life (preservation) Act of 1972 provides the legal framework for the preservation of diverse kinds of wild animals and plants, conservation of their habitats, regulation, and control of commerce in wild animals, plants, and their products. The legislation also includes schedules concerning plants and animals that the government protects and monitors to varying degrees.
The saltwater crocodile, the world's largest living crocodile species, is found in various locations including Bhitarkanika National Park in Odisha, the Sunderbans in West Bengal, and Andmans and Nicobar Island. Threats include illegal hunting, habitat loss, and a dislike for the species due to its maneater status. In 2024, the annual census in Odisha's Bhitarkanika National Park showed a slight increase in saltwater crocodile populations.
Bhitarkanika National Park, located in Orissa, is the second largest Mangrove ecosystem in India. It comprises a network of creeks and canals overcome with water from rivers Brahmani, Baitarani, Dhamra, and Patasala. The park's proximity to the Bay of Bengal enriches its soil with salts, and its vegetation and species are mainly found in tropical and subtropical intertidal regions. It is also a breeding ground for Salt Water Crocodiles.
Crocodiles are known to have emerged over 200 million years ago. They are ancient creatures which have been living since the time of dinosaurs. Crocodiles are now abundant in unusual places in India. They are one of the most threatened reptiles on the planet. On the basis of a global survey of more than 10,000 reptile species, it was found that half of all crocodile species are at risk.
Crocodiles are amphibians with a semi-aquatic lifestyle. They are around 6m in length, however they vary in size. They have a powerful tail, a tapered snout, and a streamlined and longer body.
Due to deterioration of the crocodile population in India, with the collaboration of the Government of India and state governments, a crocodile conservation plan was launched, and in 1975, the UNDP/FAO crocodile breeding and management project was launched.
(i) Baula Project in Dangamal, Orissa at Bhitarkanika National Park:- Baula is the Oriya word for saltwater crocodile. Since 1977, 22,000 young crocodiles and 50 female saltwater crocodiles have been released into creeks and estuaries in the area. The operation has been a success because the crocodile population gradually increased.
(ii) Mugger Project at Ramatirtha, Odisha at Simlipal National Park:- The Ramatirtha facility for Mugger crocodiles started with eggs and juveniles from Tamilnadu. Around 600 crocodiles have been reared and released here since 1984.
(iii) Gharial Project at Tikarpada Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
(iv) Crocodile Captive Breeding in Nandankanan Zoo, Odisha: All three crocodilian species are in captive breeding here.
(v) IUCN- SSC Crocodile Specialist Group
Crocodilians were on the verge of extinction in India owing to uncontrolled profitable murder and significant habitat destruction until the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972. They face other threats like habitat degradation, hunting, and human-wildlife conflict.
To safeguard the crocodile populations and their habitats, several wildlife sanctuaries, conservation projects, and breeding programs have been implemented. Many laws and policies have also been introduced. Apart from natural habitat protection, captive breeding programs and community awareness initiatives are being undertaken. Future censuses will need to be undertaken by utilizing cutting-edge equipment to estimate the actual number of crocodiles in the country.
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