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India
In 18th-century India, Tipu Sultan stood out as an enlightened ruler. He was not only a military leader but also a progressive thinker. Tipu Sultan was one of the founding members of the French Jacobin Club in Seringapatam, and he even planted a “liberty tree” to symbolize his commitment to freedom. He preferred to be addressed as “Tipu Citoyen,” which translates to “Citizen Tipu,” reflecting his embrace of revolutionary ideals.
At the same time, parts of India saw the rise of the Bengal Renaissance, a movement that spurred significant Enlightenment reforms starting in the 1820s. One of its most prominent figures was Ram Mohan Roy, a reformer who sought to blend various traditions to create a vision of social change. He advocated for a “religion of reason,” promoting rational thinking and progressive values that challenged many traditional practices.