Religion:
The great Saiva and Vaishnava saints played a significant role in the development of Tamil literature during this period, which was also marked by intense religious conflicts.
The emergence of the Bhakti movement led to debates with heterodox scholars, with numerous accounts in Bhakti literature describing the defeat of Buddhism and Jainism in these discussions.
While the Pandyas were initially followers of Jainism, they later embraced Shaivism.
• Jain sculptures have been discovered in Kalugumalai.
