UPSC Study Material for IAS & PCS Exam Preparation

→ Sources Belonging to Archaeological Survey → Ancient Pottery and coins as an Indicator of Culture → Ancient Era Inscriptions → Ancient Period Literary Sources → Role Of Geographical Factors → The Decline of Harappa

→ Introduction and sources → Paleolithic Age → Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age → Neolithic Period or New Stone Age → Key Features of the Phases of Stone Age → Chalcolithic Culture or Copper Stone Age → Regions of Chalcolithic Culture

→ Introduction → Three stages of Harappan Civilization → Settlements and important cities of Harappan Civilization → Achievements of Harappan Era in various sectors → Arts and Trade → Socio Political Strata → Various Terms associated with Megaliths

→ Introduction Sources Archaeological sites of Vedic History → Literature of Vedic Age → Geography → Early Vedic Society → Economy Pastoralism → Polity and Political Conflicts

→ Introduction → Settlements and Territories → Political Organization → Social Organization → Later Vedic Texts and art → Economy → Religious beliefs

→ Introduction → Mahajanpads and its polity → Society → Economy → Emergence of thinkers → Jainism → Buddhism → Text and tenets of Buddhism

→ Sources Causes and The Dynasties that Ruled Magadha → Rise of Magadha under the Haryanaka Dynasty → Shishunaga dynasty → Nandas → Foreign Invasions → Mauryan Empire → Ashokan Pillars → The Mauryan State and Polity → Source of Revenue → Process of Urbanization and society → Ashoka Dharmic State → Literature → Decline of the Mauryan Empire

→ Beginning of Regional Kingdoms Sunga Dynasty → Kanva Dynasty → Satavahana Dynasty → Other Important Kingdom

→ Persian and Macedonian Invasions → Impact of Alexander → Indo greek contact → Impact of Persian contact → Indo- greek → Kushanas → Art religion and literature → Army Polity AND science

→ Introduction → Gupta Dynasty Rulers → Contemporary Dynasties of the Guptas → Decline of the Gupta Empire → Administrative System under Guptas → SOCIAL CONDITIONS → ECONOMIC CONDITIONS → ART AND CULTURAL CONTRIBUTIONS → LITERATURE AND COINS → Inscriptions of Gupta Era → Navratnas of Chandragupta II → Mathematics Astronomy and Medical Sciences

→ Post Gupta Age → Maitraka of Vallabhi → Pushyabhutis of Thaneshwar → The Maukharis of Kannauj → The Hunas

→ Earliest Kingdoms in Southern India → Pandyas → Sangam Literature → Economic Conditions of Pandya Empire described in Sangam Texts → Social Conditions → Limitations of Sangam Literature → Age of Kalabhras → Second and third Pandya Age → Administrative Structure → Economy in the Second and Third Pandyan Phase → Religion → Architecture coins and society → Satyaputras → Cheras

→ vakatakas → Chalukyas → Eastern Chalukyas or The Chalukyas of Vengi → Western Chalukyas or The Chalukyas of Kalyani → schools of Hindu law → Ikshavaku or Solar dynasty → Pallavas → Religion → Various styles of temples during the Pallava period → Kadamba Ganga and Eastern Ganga → wars , socio religious and administration during period

→ Key Terms Associated With Ancient Indian History

→ CONCEPT OF CULTURE

→ TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE → NAGARA TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE → DIFFERENT REGIONAL NAGARA TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE → Hill Temples A Unique Architectural Landscape → DRAVIDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE → EVOLUTION OF DRAVIDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE → The Chola Dynasty → 8VIJAYANAGARA ARCHITECTURE → Nayaka Style of Temple Architecture → Vesara Style of Temple Architecture → Hoysala school of art → STUPA ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA → CAVE ARCHITECTURE → MAURYAN PERIOD → Post Mauryan Period → DURING GUPTA PERIOD → POST-GUPTA AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD → PILLAR ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA → INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE → ARCHITECTURALPROGRESSDURINGDELHI SULTANATE → ARCHITECTURAL PROGRESS DURING MUGHAL PERIOD

→ Difference between Sculpture and Architecture → SCULPTURES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION → Bronze Sculpture → Terracotta Sculptures → SCULPTURES OF MAURYAN AGE → SCULPTURES OF POST MAURYAN AGE → SCULPTURES OF GUPTA AGE → SOUTH INDIAN SCULPTURES AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS

→ 1SEALS → COINAGE IN ANCIENT INDIA → COINAGE IN MEDIEVAL INDIA → COINAGE IN MODERN INDIA → Significance of Coins in India

→ PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS IN INDIA → INDIAN MURAL PAINTINGS → MINIATURE PAINTINGS IN INDIA → REGIONAL SCHOOL OF PAINTINGS → SOUTH INDIAN MINIATURE PAINTING → MODERN INDIAN PAINTINGS → PROMINENT PAINTERS OF MODERN AGE → Folk Paintings

→ Cloth Handicrafts → Traditional Regional Sarees Of India → Embroidery Craft → Variety of Weavings in India → Clay and Pottery Works → Bronze Crafts and Other Famous Metal Crafts in India → Leather Products → Wood Crafts → Other Famous Handicrafts in India

→ MUSIC IN INDIA → CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN MUSIC → FOLK MUSIC → Books on Indian Music and MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

→ Dance Aspects and Classical dance forms → FOLK DANCES

→ origin of Indian drama and Ancient Sanskrit Plays → Folk Theatre → Ritual Entertainment South Indian theatre

→ Indian Puppetry

→ INDIAN CINEMA

→ INDIAN CIRCUS & MARTIAL ARTS.

→ Hinduism → ISLAM → CHRISTIANITY → SIKHISM → ZOROASTRIANISM → JUDAISM

→ Buddhism and its Philosophy Tenets and decline → BUDDHIST COUNCILS and BUDDHIST LITERATURE → SCHOOLS OF BUDDHISM and Bodhisattva → Buddhist Disciples Scholars Monasteries Hand Gestures

→ jainism

→ INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

→ LANGUAGES IN INDIA

→ INDIAN LITERATURE

→ EDUCATION

→ DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN INDIA

→ CALENDAR SYSTEM

→ AWARD AND HONOURS

→ INDIAN FESTIVALS AND FAIRS

→ CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO CULTURE IN INDIA.

→ CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA

→ LIST OF UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES

→ Hazard → Classification of Natural Hazards as per DesInventar Sendai → Various Types of Natural Hazards → Disaster → Levels of Disasters → Slow Onset and Rapid Onset Disasters → Categories of Disasters → Natural Disasters → Man-Made Disasters → Hybrid Disasters → Subsequent Disasters and Their Impacts → Differences between Natural Hazard and Disaster → Crisis vs Disaster → Theories of Origin about Natural Disasters → Aggravating Factors Of Disasters → Development vs Environment

→ Disaster Risk → Disaster Risk Assessment or Analysis → Risk Management → Risk Mapping → Four phases of Disaster Management cycle → Disaster Mitigation → Disaster Preparedness → Disaster Response → Disaster Recovery → Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM) → Crisis and Disaster Prevention and Response Mechanism in India → Case Studies and Examples of CBDM → Self-driven → Led by Local Champions → Based on Partnerships → Issues and Challenges in Disaster Management → Proposed Solutions → Odisha Model of Disaster Management

→ Vulnerability Profile of India → Aspects of Vulnerability → Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis → Process of Vulnerability Analysis → Vulnerability Profile of India → The Himalayan Region → The Gangetic Plain → Arid and Semi Region → Deccan Plateau → Western and Eastern Ghats → Coastal Region

→ Natural Disasters cyclone → Cyclone Risk Mitigation Strategy → Earthquake → Earthquake Risk Mitigation → Tsunami → Tsunami Risk Mitigation → Floods → Flood Risk Mitigation → El-Nino and La Nina → Cloudbursts and Flash Floods → Mitigation of Cloudbursts and Flash Floods → Urban Floods → Urban Flooding Risk Mitigation → Landslides → Landslide Risk Mitigation Strategy → Avalanches → Mitigation Measures for Avalanches → Heat Waves and Urban Heat Island → Mitigation Measures for Heat Wave → Heat Island Effect → Cold Wave and Frost → Mitigation Measures for People → Droughts and Desertification → Drought Risk Mitigation Understanding Risk → Fire Risk → Linkages between Forest Fires → Thunderstorm and Lightning → Desert Locust Attack → Man Made disaster → Oil Spills and coastal erosion

→ Guiding Principles Of Rehabilitation → REHABILITATION → RECONSTRUCTION → RECOVERY

→ Resource Analysis → Key Sources of Finance → Building Resilience Through Disaster Risk Insurance → 15th Finance Commission on Disaster Management

→ National Policy on Disaster Management → Disaster Management Act → Important laws and acts on disaster → List of Laws for Disaster Management → NDMA Guidelines

→ INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT → Other Important Institutional Arrangements → Financial Arrangements National Disaster Response Fund

→ National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction → Case study → National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction → Case study

→ India and International Organisations → International Disaster Management Strategies → Post Sendai Initiatives by Indian Government

→ Role of Media → Informative Role → Suggestive Role → Analytical Role

→ SUMMARY of 2 ARC RECOMMENDATIONS ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT

→ Difference between Economics and Economy → Opportunity Cost → Indifference Curve → ECONOMIC SYSTEMS → THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR → Types of Goods → PRODUCTION AND COSTS

→ National Income → Measures of National Income

→ Indian Economy during the British Rule → FIVE YEAR PLANS → NITI Aayog → Economic Planning

→ MONEY → BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA → RESERVE BANK OF INDIA → MONETARY POLICY → ORGANIZATIONS RELATED TO BANKING SECTORS → The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

→ Financial inclusion → INDIA EFFORT FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION

→ INFLATION → IMPORTANT TERMS

→ FINANCIAL MARKETS → REGULATORS OF INDIAN SECURITIES MARKETS → BONDS → COMPANY

→ INSURANCE SECTOR

→ INDIAN TAXATION AND PUBLIC FINANCE → BUDGET → CLASSIFICATION OF RECEIPTS → TAXATION REFORMS → POWER SECTOR REFORMS

→ ECONOMIC GROWTH → MAJOR INDICES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

→ POVERTY → INITIATIVES AND POLICIES TO REDUCE POVERTY → INEQUALITY → INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND ISSUES → UNEMPLOYMENT → Labour Laws in India → Sustainable Development Goals

→ BALANCE OF PAYMENTS → FDI AND FPI → LOANS

→ EXCHANGE RATE AND TYPES

→ AGRICULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN ECONOMY → ALLIED AGRICULTURAL SECTORS → FDI In Agriculture and Agricultural extension services → Various types of Agriculture Farming in India → Green Revolution and Agriculture 4.0 → Fertilizer → Seed Sector and MSP

→ Food Security → IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOD SUBSIDY IN INDIA → Climate change and food security in India

→ Food processing sector

→ Land reforms → RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

→ IRRIGATION → METHODS OF IRRIGATION → RECENT GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES IN IRRIGATION

→ Industry in the Indian economy → PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS AND TOOLS TO MEASURE INDUSTRIES → Companies Act and MSME → Fourth Industrial Revolution → Retail Industry in India → Special Economic Zone , Coastal Economic Zone → VARIOUS SECTORS OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

→ INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR IN INDIA → Public Private Partnership → Road Infrastructure in India → Indian Railways Industry → Industrial Corridors, NIP, NMP → Special Economic Zone , Coastal Economic Zone → Coal industry → National logistics Policy → Civil Aviation → Power Sector in India → Shipping Sector → Telecommunications Sector → Oil and Gas sector → Smart Cities Mission

→ INTRODUCTION → FORMATION OF INDIA → Nehruvian Era → Post Nehruvian Era or During the Cold War → Foreign Policy during the 1990s → Foreign Policy under NDA 1 → Foreign Policy under the Modi Government

→ History OF INDIA PAK Relation J&K conflict → Developments Around Article 370 (Article 370 and 35(A) Revoked) → Changed ground realities after revoking Article 370 → INDIA PAKISTAN WARS → Agra Summit 2001 → CONFLICT ZONES → Indus Waters Treaty → KULBHUSHAN JADHAV CASE → CROSS BORDER TERRORISM AFFECTING INDIA PAKISTAN RELATIONS → RECENT TERROR ATTACKS FACED BY INDIA → INDIA’S RESPONSE TO CROSS BORDER TERRORISM → INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS AMID NUCLEAR ARMS RACE → REMEDY FOR INDO PAK NUCLEAR ARMS RACE → INDIA PAKISTAN TRADE CONFLICT → WHAT IS SOFT POWER OR SOFT DIPLOMACY → CERTAIN DIMENSIONS OF SOFT-POWER → RECENT UPDATES AND COOPERATION

→ INTRODUCTION → SIGNIFICANCE OF BANGLADESH FOR INDIA → ISSUES IN THE BILATERAL RELATIONS → ROHINGYA ISSUE AND INDO BANGLADESH → AREAS OF CO-OPERATION BETWEEN → LAND BOUNDARY AGREEMENT & 100TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACT, 2015

→ Introduction AND Overview of Nepal → IMPORTANCE OF NEPAL FOR INDIA → TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP OF 1950 → RECENT DYNAMICS BETWEEN INDIA NEPAL → AREAS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN INDIA NEPAL → THE INDIA-NEPAL PETROLEUM PIPELINE → RECENT DEVELOPMENTS in INDO NEPALRELATION

→ INTRODUCTION → BHUTAN’S SIGNIFICANCE TO INDIA → AREAS OF COOPERATION → CHALLENGES IN RELATIONSHIP → CHINA’S INFLUENCE ON INDIA BHUTAN RELATIONS → STEPS TAKEN TO BOOST RELATIONS Between Indi Bhutan

→ Introduction to the relationship between India and Sri Lanka → HISTORY OF CIVIL WAR → Indo-Sri Lanka Accord-1987 & Aftermath → THE 13TH AMENDMENT → Geopolitical Significance of Sri Lanka → Geostrategic Significance of Sri Lanka → India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) → ISSUES AND CONFLICTS → Role of China in Nepal → Economic Crisis in Sri-Lanka → CHALLENGES FOR INDIA FROM THE CRISIS

→ India Afghanistan relationship → Areas of cooperation → WHY AFGHANISTAN IS IMPORTANT FOR INDIA → INDIA’S ROLE IN RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF AFGHANISTAN → CHALLENGES FOR INDIA → CHINA’S AFGHAN OUTREACH → INDIA’S ADVANTAGE OVER CHINA IN AFGHANISTAN → RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

→ INTRODUCTION TO India and Maldives RELATION → MALDIVES IMPORTANCE FOR INDIA → Significance of India for Maldives → China’s influence on Maldives → The Last Decade India and Maldives → India’s key role in Maldives → RECENT MALDIVES-INDIA ROW → CHALLENGES IN INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS

→ BIMSTEC → MEKONG GANGA COOPERATION → INFORMATION FUSION CENTRE → SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF REGIONAL COOPERATION → COMPARISION OF SAARC AND BIMSTEC

→ INTRODUCTION → REASONS FOR RECENT CHINESE AGGRESSIONS → AGREEMENTS AND INITIATIVES TO RESOLVE THE BORDER DISPUTES → AREAS OF COOPERATION → AREAS OF COMPETITION → INDIA AND SOUTH CHINA DISPUTE → ONE BELT ONE ROAD → CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) → OTHER ALTERNATIVES TO BRI → DOKLAM CRISIS → OTHER ISSUES BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA → Mutual Interests of Indo → WAY FORWARD

→ INTRODUCTION to Indo Taiwan relation → THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BILATERAL RELATIONSHIPS → CHALLENGES IN INDIA TAIWAN RELATIONSHIP → STEPS TO DEEPEN INDIA TAIWAN RELATIONSHIP

→ INDIA-USA HISTORY OF RELATIONS → WHY INDIA MATTERS TO THE USA → WHY THE UNITED STATES MATTERS TO INDIA → MODERN INDIA-US RELATIONS → INDUSTRIAL SECURITY AGREEMENT AND RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA- US RELATION → INDIA 2+2 Dialogue mechanisms → INDIA-USA-CHINA TRIANGLE → WHY INDIA MATTERS TO THE USA

→ INTRODUCTION TO INDIA JAPAN RELATION → AREAS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN INDIA AND JAPAN → Asia Africa Growth Corridor → QUAD AND 2+2 MEETING → AREAS OF CONCERN BETWEEN INDIA AND JAPAN → WHAT SHOULD BE THE FOCUS OF INDIA

→ INDIA - AUSTRALIA RELATIONS

→ India and Myanmar relation

→ Southeast Asia to propagate Shaivism and establish temples

→ THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINATION IN NORTH INDIA THE PALAS → The Pratiharas Gurjara Pratihara Dynasty → The Rashtrakutas Deccan Dynasty of Warriors and Administrators → POLITICAL IDEAS AND ADMINISTRATION → Administration, Society, and Cultural Contributions → Minor Dynasties during this Period

→ Initial Rulers and Contributions → RAJARAJA I → REIGN OF RAJENDRA I → Administrative Structure and Governance → Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects

→ Rise of the Turks and the Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate → THE RAJPUT STATES → TURKISH CONQUEST OF NORTH INDIA → BATTLE OF TARAIN

→ The Bhakti movement → Diversity and Classification of Bhakti Traditions → WOMEN IN THE BHAKTI MOVEMENT → BHAKTI SAINTS → THE SUFI MOVEMENT

→ INDIA IN 1525 AD → HUMAYUN → THE SECOND AFGHAN EMPIRE AND SHERSHAH → AKBAR → RELIGIOUS REFORMS AND POLICIES → LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION UNDER AKBAR → MANSABDARI SYSTEM → NAVRATNAS OF AKBAR → JAHANGIR → SHAH JAHAN → AURANGZEB → ADMINISTRATION DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD → LITERATURE DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD → ART DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD → CHECK ARCHITECTURE DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD

→ RISE OF THE MARATHAS → SHIVAJI → Shivaji Administration → THE SUCCESSORS OF SHIVAJI → THE RISE OF THE PESHWAS → Comprehensive Analysis of the Maratha Decline

→ The Mamluk or The Slave Dynasty Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210) → Shamsuddin Iltutmish → Raziya → Ghiyasuddin Balban → THE KHALJI DYNASTY Jalaluddin Khalji (1290-1296) → Alauddin Khalji → REFORMS BY ALAUDDIN KHALJI → TUGHLUQ DYNASTY Ghiyasuddin Tughluq (1320-1324) → Muhammad Bin Tughluq → Firoz Shah Tughluq → THE SAYYID DYNASTY → THE LODI DYNASTY → Government, Economic and Social Structure → TECHNOLOGY DURING THE DELHI SULTANATE

→ Foundation and Geographical Setting → FOUNDERS AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT → Dynastic Evolution → Deva Raya I → Deva Raya II → KRISHNA DEVA RAYA → The Aravidu Dynasty → ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE → TRAVELLERS TO THE CITY → THE CITY → CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FABRIC → HAMPI → POSITION OF WOMEN → THE BAHMANI KINGDOM → CONFLICT BETWEEN THE VIJAYANAGARA AND THE BAHMANI KINGDOMS

→ TERMS IN MEDIEVAL HISTORY

→ SNIPPETS FROM NCERTs

→ RISE OF IMPERIALISM IN INDIA → PHASE OF THE DUTCH DOMINATION → THE ARRIVAL OF ENGLISH → THE FRENCH IN INDIA → CARNATIC WARS → ESTIMATE OF DUPLEIX IN INDIA

→ THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE → LATER MUGHALS → INDIAN REGIONAL STATES AND SOCIETY IN THE 18TH CENTURY → THE RISE AND FALL OF THE MARATHA POWER

→ BENGAL BEFORE THE BRITISH CONQUEST → THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY → THE BATTLE OF BUXAR → MYSORE → MARATHAS → SINDH → PUNJAB

→ INDIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS

→ CAUSES OF REFORM MOVEMENTS → RAJA RAMMOHAN ROY AND BRAHMO SAMAJ → HENRY VIVIAN DEROZIO AND THE YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT → ISHWAR CHANDRA VIDYASAGAR → BAL SHASTRI JAMBEKAR → DADOBA PANDURANG TARKHADKAR AND PARAMAHANSA SABHA → PRARTHANA SAMAJ → SATYASHODHAK SAMAJ → GOPAL HARI DESHMUKH → GOPAL GANESH AGARKAR → SWAMI DAYANAND SARASWATI AND THE ARYA SAMAJ → INDIAN SOCIAL CONFERENCE → GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE AND THE SERVANTS OF INDIA SOCIETY → SOCIAL SERVICE LEAGUE → THE RAMAKRISHNA MOVEMENT AND SWAMI VIVEKANANDA → VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA → OTHER IMPORTANT MOVEMENT → SREE NARAYANA GURU DHARMA PARIPALANA → THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY → MUSLIM REFORM MOVEMENTS → SIKH REFORM MOVEMENTS → PARSI REFORM MOVEMENTS → Significance of Reform Movements → THE IDEOLOGICAL BASE AND CATEGORIES OF REFORM MOVEMENTS

→ CAUSES AND CIVIL REBELLIONS → Peasant Movements with Religious overtones → TRIBAL REVOLTS → SEPOY MUTINIES

→ POLICIES OF THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY

→ LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENTS INTRODUCED BY THE BRITISH

→ Causes of the Revolt of 1857 → LEADERS OF THE REVOLT → CAUSES OF FAILURE → Nature and significance of the Revolt → ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE CHANGES AFTER 1858

→ BEGINNING OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA

→ ERA OF MILITANT NATIONALISM → PARTITION OF BENGAL and Swadeshi Movement → Extremist and their comparison with moderates → THE SURAT SPLIT

→ REVOLUTIONARY TRENDS [1880s - 1919]

→ EMERGENCE OF GANDHIJI (1915-1918)

→ HOME RULE MOVEMENT → LUCKNOW SESSION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS → Montagu’s Statement of August 1917

→ THE ROWLATT ACT

→ KHILAFAT AND NON COOPERATION

→ REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY DURING THE 1920s

→ [1922-1926]

→ SIMON COMMISSION

→ CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT → DELHI PACT AND Karachi Congress Session → Round Table Conferences → BACK TO AGITATION AND Government Response → Representation of Depressed Classes AND Poona Pact

→ ELECTIONS AND CONGRESS RULE IN PROVINCES

→ SECOND WORLD WAR AND NATIONALISTIC RESPONSE

→ INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA AND CRIPPS MISSION

→ QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT AND WAVELL PLAN

→ CABINET MISSION

→ INDEPENDENCE WITH PARTITION

→ IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES AMONG DIFFERENT NATIONALISTS

→ Constitutional development between 1773 and 1858 → Constitutional developments after 1858 till Independence → EVOLUTION OF CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA → EVOLUTION OF POLICE SYSTEM MILITARY AND JUDICIARY IN MODERN INDIA

→ ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE BRITISH RULE IN INDIA

→ DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN PRESS

→ DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION

→ PEASANT MOVEMENTS AFTER 1857

→ TRIBAL MOVEMENTS AFTER 1857

→ MOVEMENT OF THE WORKING CLASS

→ GENERALS AND VICEROY

→ COMMUNALISM

→ CONCEPTS OF COSMOLOGY → COMPARING THE ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITIONS OF ALL PLANETS

→ VOLCANISM → Volcanic Landforms → Earthquake → Tsunami → Volcanism in India

→ THE BIG BANG → STAR FORMATION AND EVOLUTION → EVOLUTION OF ATMOSPHERE

→ CLASSIFICATION OF MOUNTAINS → LAKES → PLATEAU

→ THE EARTH AS GEOSPHERE

→ ROTATION AND REVOLUTION → Lunar Eclipses and Solar Eclipses

→ INTERIOR OF THE EARTH → THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF EARTH → DISCONTINUITIES INSIDE THE EARTH → EARTH MAGNETIC FIELDS

→ LATITUDES & LONGITUDES → Time Zones

→ CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY → Formation of the Himalayas → THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS

→ ROCKS

→ The Colonial Legacy → Partition and Communal Riots → Radcliffe Commission and Demarcation of Boundaries → Consequences of Partition → Relief and rehabilitation of Refugees → The Assassination of Gandhiji → Relations with Pakistan

→ Integration of Princely States → The government’s approach was guided by three considerations → French and Portuguese settlement → The Language Problem → Official Language Debate → The Linguistic Reorganisation of the States → Recent Reorganisation of States → Tribal Integration → Impact of colonial policies on Tribals → Roots of India Tribal Policy → Evaluation of the tribal policy and its impact → Certain positive developments due to the state → Tribals in the Northeast

→ Challenges of Building Democracy → The Emergence of Electoral Politics → Challenges before ECI and the conduction of the first General Election → Contributions of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad → The Dominance of the Congress System → Nature of Congress Dominance → The Emergence of Opposition Parties → Various opposition parties

→ Ideas of development → Planning → Formation of Planning Commission → The First Five → Second Five year plan → Third Five year plan → Achievements of Plans from 1947 → Green Revolution → The positive impact of the Green Revolution → The negative impacts of the Green Revolution → Land Reforms in India → Abolition of Intermediaries → Tenancy Reforms → Ceilings on Land Holding → Consolidation of Holdings → The Bhoodan Movement → Cooperatives → The Success of Cooperatives → Impact of operation flood → Limitations of Cooperativization

→ Evolution of India Foreign Policy → Non-Alignment Policy → India’s Relations with neighbours → Relation with Pakistan → Relations with China → India Relations with Superpowers during the Cold War

→ Role of Shastri in Post Independence Consolidation of India .

→ Emergency → Jai Prakash (JP) movement Total revolution → Impact of Emergency → Lessons from Emergency → Politics after an emergency → Naxalite Movement and Maoist Insurgency → COMMUNALISM

→ Economic Imbalances & Regionalism → Sons of Soil Doctrine → Demand for Dravida N du → Punjab Issue → Problems in the north-eastern regions → Secessionist Movements → Movements against outsiders → Impacts of Regionalism in India

→ Environmental Movements → Party-based movements → Non-Party Movements → Dalit Movement → Agrarian Struggles Since Independence → OBC Movements → New Farmers Movement → Women Movement → Civil Democratic Movement

→ Context of 1990s → The Era of Coalition and Alliance Politics → Political Rise of other backward classes → Mandal politics → New Economic Policy 1991 → The Era of ICT → Lok Sabha Elections 2004 → Growing Consensus → Sri Lankan Tamils issue

→ CELL → CLASSIFICATION OF ALL ORGANISMS INTO KINGDOMS → Cell Structure → Plant vs Animal Cells → CELLS AND GROWTH → DNA AND RNA → VIRUS

→ Reproduction and it's types → Chromosomes → Cell Division → Fertilisation in Humans → IVF AND WHY IS IT NEEDED → MRT Method-1 → MRT Method-2

→ DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID → Capping and Splicing → Genome and Genes → Mutations → Traditional Hybridisation → Genetic Engineering → BIOTECHNOLOGY → RNAi or RNA Interference Method → Mycorrhizal Biotechnology → TRANSGENIC CROPS → GENE THERAPY → Gene Doping → Stem Cells → Indian Initiatives → Advancement in Biotechnology → Ethical concerns of using biotechnology

→ IMMUNITY → VACCINATION → Adverse Effects Following Immunization → TYPES OF VACCINES → Vaccines in India → FATS

→ Food and Nutrients → WHAT ARE DISEASES → Transfats → COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS → Diseases Causative Pathogens and Their Transmission → DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS → DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA → PROTOZOAN DISEASES → Anti-Microbial Resistance. → India's Initiatives for AMR

→ Introduction and Importance of Nanotechnology → Evolution of Nanotechnology in India → Nanotechnology Research, Development and Innovation in India → India’s Achievements in The Field of Nanotechnology → GENERATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY → APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY → Nanomaterials → Why Nanotechnology is the future → Risks with Nanotechnology

→ INTRODUCTION → The Electromagnetic Spectrum → The Big Bang Theory → Star Formation → Black holes → ORBIT → SATELLITES AND THEIR ORBITS → Lagrange Points → Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit → EARTH SATELLITES → Indian Remote Sensing Satellites → SATELLITE NAVIGATION → LAUNCH VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY → JET ENGINE TECHNOLOGY → Indian Astronomical Observatory → Project NETRA → INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAMME → IN-SPACe → New Space India Limited → Indian Space Association → Space Travel and Tourism → SPACE EXPLORATION → INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION → SPACE HISTORY → UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS → SPACE LAW → Space Law in India → SPACE DEBRIS → PROBLEMS FACED BY ASTRONAUTS IN SPACE → INDIAN ASTRONAUTS AND THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS → Some Important International Space Missions

→ Defence Organisations → NUCLEAR DOCTRINE → NUCLEAR TRIAD → MISSILES → Air Defence Systems → INDIAN NAVY → Unmanned Aerial Vehicle → Chemical Weapons → Biological weapons

→ Information and Communications Technology → Components of ICT → Infrastructure → Difference between ICT and IT → NETWORK → DARK NET → METAVERSE → BASICS OF COMPUTERS → SUPER COMPUTERS → QUANTUM COMPUTING → CLOUD COMPUTING → BEAMFORMING → EDGE COMPUTING → DATA MINING → BIG DATA → COMPUTER VIRUSES → MOBILE TECHNOLOGY → OTHER GENERATION MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES → NET NEUTRALITY

→ BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY → CRYPTOCURRENCY → CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY → WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY → Near-Field Communication (NFC) → RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION → INTERNET of THINGS → INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS → ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE → DEEPFAKES → LiFi Technology → BIOMETRICS → DIGITAL SIGNATURE CERTIFICATES → DIGITAL SIGNATURE → 3D PRINTING → 3D BIOPRINTING → DRONES

→ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) → PATENT → COMPULSORY LICENSING → TRADEMARK → INDUSTRIAL DESIGN → COPYRIGHTS → GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS → India IPR Policy → NATIONAL IPR POLICY OF 2016

→ Classical Period → European Middle Ages → Renaissance → Causes of Renaissance → Impact of Renaissance

→ Enlightenment Ideas and Spread → Anglo American colonies → Portugal and Brazil → China → Korea → India → Ottoman Empire

→ Introduction → Factors that Encouraged British Industrialization → Impact of Industrial Revolution → Industrialization in Other Countries → Industrialization and Globalization

→ INTRODUCTION → Nationalism → Modern Nationalism → Italian Unification → German Unification

→ American Revolution → American Civil War

→ Introduction and causes of French Revolution → The Outbreak of the Revolution → Results of the French Revolution

→ Introduction and stages of colonialsim → Imperialism → Imperialism in different countries → Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism → Difference between Colonialism and Imperialism

→ Causes of world war 1 → Events Leading Up to The Outbreak of War → The Course of the War → End of the War → Consequences of the War → World War and India → Conclusion

→ Socialism → Types of Socialism → Communism → Communism Vs Socialism Vs Capitalism → Russian Revolution → Stages Of Revolution → Nature and Significance of Russian Revolution

→ League of Nations → Rise of Totalitarian Regimes → Developments in Britain and France → United States and The Great Depression → Developments in the USSR → Period of Aggression and Appeasement

→ Spanish Civil War and causes → The World at War → The beginning of the end → Peacemaking after Second World War → Impact of World War II

→ Rise of Asia and Africa → Emergence of Independent Nations in Asia → Developments in West Asia and North Africa → Achievement of Freedom by African Nations

→ Meaning of the Cold War → Factors responsible for the Cold War → Phases of the Cold War → Impact of the Cold War On India → Non-Alignment Movement → The New Cold War → Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet Communism and Soviet Union